Chapter 22 Documents
22.1 talks about Mustafa Kemal Ataturk discusses and defends his reasons for changing some of the traditional aspects practiced in Islam. One of the main things he abolished was that of the caliphate, by which Ottoman rulers became the leader of the Islamic world. This speech occurred in 1927, when modernization was still occurring at a rapid rate for many countries. During this time, many Islamic countries had gained their own independence as rightful states. By modernizing Islam, Ataturk was not demolishing the religion entirely or the root of what made it its religion, instead he simply found the aspects of it that would conflict with progressing in the world and did away with them. In the image 22.2, Vietnam displays their pride and independence. Vietnam had been struggling with American interference and they were tired of it. As big as an underdog that Vietnam was, they stunned American military forces and reversed the power in their country.Communists supporters wanted to reunify their country and drive out the American forces, which consisted of half a million troops, and that is what they did. Visual 22.4 is the Palestinian Nation in the making. The poster shows a large man with a pickax in his arms maybe to portray that these lands belong to the Palestinians and they put the effort to survive off these lands and do not deserve to have them confiscated by Israelis. In this poster are three doves. These doves could symbolize peace and show how the land was theirs and should not be taken.

Chapter 22
 By the early twentieth century, Asia and Africa has risen throughout the colonial world. Mostly men were involved and they were familiar with the European culture. They were deeply aware of the gap between its values and its practices. They no longer viewed colonial rule as a vehicle for their peoples progress as their fathers had and they had immediate independence. Growing numbers of men and women were receptive to this message. Veterans of the world; young people with some education but no jobs commensurate with their expectations. Each of these groups had reason to believe that independence held great promise. Struggles for independence was rarely cohesive of uniformly oppressed people. They struggled with one another over leadership, power, strategy, ideology, and distribution of material benefits. Africa's first modern nationalist was Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. He quoted "Seek yet first the political kingdom and all these other things will be added unto you." But would winning the political kingdom of independence or freedom from European rule really produce "all these other things" release from oppression, industrial growth, economic development, reasonably unified nations, and better life for all? Almost everywhere, the moment of independence generated something close to euphoria.

Chapter 21 documents
Document 21.1 talks about stalin on stalinism. Stalin came to power and implemented change at a very rapid rate for the people of the USSR. He successfully, and rapidly, created a surging industrial society in order to catch up to the western nations of the world. Stalin focuses on highlighting the success of industrialization, with steel, automobiles, machinery, etc. As an absolute ruler, Stalin planned on enacting change whether the people of the USSR liked it or not. Implementing change in this way is what cause uprisings of the people. Those who did not agree with Stalin would now definitely be unsure about standing up to his policies after the way he treated the kulaks. Throughout Stalin’s time in power his main focuses were on implementing his policies, creating a strong military, and bringing the USSR up to the level of a world power. Document 21.3 talks abut the living through industrialization. not all people agree or have the same perspective of this industrialization since some of them were not seeing the benefits of it. The first letter in a newspaper of a Tatar electrician that express his happiness and satisfaction of being able to have the same rights as any other citizen and how much he was proud of the new achievements of his country. The 2 comments from factory workers found in soviet archives 1930s they complain how the media and newspaper hides the reality about the success of the soviet union and how people of high rank in society have the most benefits and privilege out of this soviet power. I believe that this economic and political changes bring with them good and bad consequences and most of the time lower class people seems to be the most affected by it.

Chapter 21
In the twentieth century communism was a phenomenon of enormous significance in the world. Communism regimes came to power almost everywhere in the wake of the war and revolution. Once established, those regimes set about a thorough and revolutionary transformation on societies. The modern communism found its political and philosophical roots in the nineteenth century European socialism. By the 1970s almost one- third of the worlds population lived in societies governed by communist regimes. The most significant were the Soviet Union, the worlds largest country in size, and China, the worlds largest country in population. Communist also came to Eastern Europe in the wake of WWII and the extension of the Soviet military presence there. Communist movements of the 20th century drew the mystique of the earlier French Revolution. Like this, the French communist revolutionaries ousted old ruling classes and dispossessed landed aristocracies. But the communist revelations were distinctive as well. In Russia, communist came to power on the back of a revolutionary upheaval that took place within a single year. That historic event opened the door for a massive social upheaval. This became a social revolution and it quickly demonstrated the inadequacy of the Provisional Government. In 1949, communism triumphed the land of China.

Chapter 20 documents
Document 20.1 talks about Hitler on Nazism. Hitler published his political views well before he came to power. In 1919, he joined a very small extremist group called the German Workers Party. That was where he rose quickly to a dominate role based on his powerful oratorical abilities. He launched an unsuccessful armed uprising in Munich for which he was arrested and imprisoned in 1923. He reorganised his party on his release from jail, but it was not until the world depression hit Germany that the Nazis were able to attract significant followers. In office, Hitler set about consolidating his power, appointing Nazis to government and gaining control of emergency powers. He eliminated all opposition, in the name of emergency control and, with the death of Hindenburg in 1934, Hitler's power was secured. After that Hitler put Germany's unemployed to work on a massive rearmament programme, using propaganda and manufacturing enemies, such as the Jews, to prepare the country for war. Document 20.2 talks about the Japanese way. Kokutai was an evocative term that referred to the national essence or the fundamental character of the Japanese nation and people. The national essence of Japan was defined as a loving, liberty based, and equal country. The author's stated Japan was better and didn't need Western ideas. The ideal role to the individual in Japan is being loyal, mostly to the Emperor. An individual is an existence belonging to the state, and their history is fundamentally one body with it. Japan states that they are growing and becoming more powerful. Their military is growing increasingly.

Chapter 20
During the year of 1914-1918 WWI was taken place. It was known as an accident waiting to happen. In the early twentieth century, the balance of power was expressed in two rival alliances, the Triple Alliances of Germany, Italy and the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Triple Entente of Russia, France and Britain. The system of alliances intended to keep the peace created obligations that drew the Great Powers of Europe into a general war by early August in 1914. The outbreak of that was was an accident, but the system of rigid alliances made Europe vulnerable to that kind of accident. Also being a part of the war was an industrialize militarism. Europe's armed military men joined great social prestige and all of the great powers had substantial standing armies except for Britain, they relied on compulsory military. Another important note was the legacies of the great war. The great war shattered almost eat expectation. The war was to mock the enlightenment values of progress, tolerance, an rationality. The aftermath also brought substantial social and cultural changes to ordinary Europeans and Americans. Nonetheless, the war had loosened the hold of tradition in various ways. The war transformed international political life. And had generated profound changes in the world beyond Europe as well.

Chapter 19 Documents
Document 19.1 talks about a Confucian scholar whose views informed the hundred days of reform in 1898. Kang Youwei argued that the Chinese emperor could be an active agent for China's transformation while operating in a parliamentary and constitutional setting. In a memorial to the emperor in early 1898, Kang Youwei spelled out his understanding of what China needed. Document 19.2 talks about the education and examination. Those examinations were used to select the officials who governed China. For those seeking fundamental change in China, the examination system represented everything that was conservative, backward, and out of date. In 1905 the examination system was formally and permanently abolished. The two brief selections that follow makes the case for educational reform. The first comes from an anonymous editorial in the Chinese newspaper in 1898. And the second was reforming the Guangxi during the Hundred days of Reform. Document `9.3 talks about Gender, Reform, and Revolution. The question of Women roles in society has arose. For traditional marriage,, they were hoping it would be replaced by a series of one year contacts between man and women which would lead to gender equality. The most well known advocate women was Qui Jin. She was born into a well to do family with liberal inclinations and was married to a man who was much older at 18 years old. In 1903 she left her husband and children to pursue an education in Japan. Returning in 1906, she stayed a women's magazine and became in the revolutionary circles.

Chapter 19
China was among the countries that confronted an aggressive and industrializing West while maintaining its formal independence. They shared their colonized counterparts with four dimensions of the European moment in world history. First they faced that the military might have political ambitions of rival European states. Second they became enmeshed in networks of trade, investment, and sometimes migration that arose from an industrializing and capitalist. Third they were touched by various aspects of traditional European cultures. Some of them learned French, English, German, and studied European literature and philosophy. Population growth and peasant rebellion wracked China. In 1793, the Chinese rejected the request of Britain for open trade. In many ways China was the victim of its own earlier success. The economy and the American food crops had enabled substantial population growth, from a bout 100 million people in 1685 to some 430 million in 1853. In Europe, the population was similar. There wasn't any Industrial Revolution. And Chinas expansion to the West and South generated anything like the wealth and resources that derived from Europe's overseas empires. Chinas famed centralized and bureaucratic state didn't enlarge itself to keep pace with the growing population. Like China, the Islamic world was a really successful civilization. Islamic civilization had been near neighbor to Europe for 1,000 years. The Ottoman Empire had governed some parts of Balkans and posed a clear military and religious threat to Europe in the 16th and 17th century.

Chapter 18 Documents
18.1 Documents. Seeking western education talks about a man named Ram Roy who was educated within a Brahmin Hindu family and studied both Arabic and Persian. Then came in contact with British Christian missionaries and found employment. In 1823 he learned about a British play to establish a schooling Calcutta to focus on Sanskrit texts and traditional Hindu learning. 18.2 Documents. The indian rebellion begun in 1857-1858. The rebels imagined that the Mughal Empire might be restored to its former power and glory. 18.3 Documents. The credits and debits of British Rule in India. Dadabhai Nairobi was a well educated Indian intellectual, a cotton trader in London, and a founding member of the Indian National congress. This was established in 1885 to press for a wider range of opportunities for educated Indians within the British parliament. Document 18.4 Gandhi on modern civilization. Indians most beloved leader was Mahatma Gandi.

Chapter 18
With Europe's growing affluence, this created the need for extensive raw materials and agriculture products. Such as wheat from the American Midwest and southern Russia, meat from Argentina, bananas from Central America, rubber from Brazil, cocoa and palm oil from West Africa, tea from Ceylon, gold and diamonds fro South Africa. All of these changed the patterns of the economy and social life in the countries of each origin. Europe still had to sell its own products. In 1840 Britain was exporting 60% of its cotton cloth production, sending 200 million yards to Europe, 300 million years to Latin America, and 145 million yards to India. The Europeans investors often found it more profitable to invest their money abroad than at home. Between 1910 and 1913, Britain was sending about half of its savings overseas as foreign investment. Industrialization occasioned marked change in the way Europeans perceived themselves and others. Ways of working were a huge impact. Many groups such as migrant workers, plantation laborers, day laborers, men and women experienced the colonial era differently as their daily working lives underwent profound changes. Old ways of working were eroded almost everywhere in the colonial world. Many of the new ways of working derived the demands of the colonial state. In 1946 French Africa, all natives were legally obligated for statute labor of ten to twelve days a year. Women lives in Africa were much different. They were active farmers with responsibility of planting, weeding, and harvesting food. Men cleared the land, built houses, herded the cattle and did field work. Women were expected to feed their own families and be involved in local trading activities.

Chapter 17 Documents: Document 17.1 talks about an experience of an english factory worker. The factory had hard core labor and separated workers from the final product by assigning them highly specialized and repetitive tasks. Owners and managers had strict discipline in each factory. Finally workers were wage earners and dependent on a modest and certain income for their economic survival. One worker Elizabeth testified in 1831 investigating conditions in a textile mill. The investigation limited hours in 1833 for children and women who were working. Document 17.2 talks about a generated new work in factories that destroyed older means of livelihood. In 1860, a group of artisans were in desperate straits. Many of them had to see their looms to the larger manufactures who were organizing more efficient production factories. Document 17.3 talks about the middle class understanding of the industrial poor.Elizabeth gently and the unemployed may be forgiven for not appreciating the owners of industrialization, many in the middle classes of the 19th century Europe did as well. Samuel Smiles was a Scottish writer and businessman. His making of a good book explained the paradox of industrial wealth and widespread of poverty. Document 17.4 taks abut socialism according to Marx. Marx was born to a wealth middle class family, which is now Germany and became a radical intellectual journalist. Marx found a refuge in London in 1849, were he lived until his death. Marx pursued both a political life devoted to organizing workers for revolution and more importantly for world history. His life coincided with the harshest phase of capitalist industrialization in Europe.

Chapter 17
In Europe the Industrial Revolution has been a source of great controversy among scholars. They say that Europeans have been distinguished for several thousand years by a restless, creative, and freedom loving culture with its roosting the aristocratic war like societies of early indo-european invaders. India had been the world center of cotton textile production, and the first place totter sugarcane juice into crystallized sugar. European societies weren't alone in developing market based economies by the 18th century. Asia was the initial destination of the European voyages of exploration. In the Americas, Europeans found a windfall of silver that allowed them to operate in Asian markets. In Britain the Industrial Revolution unfolded. British political life encouraged commercialization and economic innovation. The British government favored men of business with tariffs that kept out cheap indian textiles. This made it easy to form companies, with roads and canals, this helped unify the internal market and with patent laws it protected the interest of inventors. The country had supplies of coal and iron located close to each other and within east reach major industrial centers. The country's island location protected it from invasions during the ear of the French Revolution. The middle classes were members of the amorphous. This contained wealthy factories and mine owners, bankers, and merchants. Women in the middle class were homemakers, wives, and mothers charged with creating an emotion haven of their men and a refuge from a heartless and cutthroat capitalist world. They are expected to be the managers of the household. Man elite had long establish their status by detaching some from productive labor. The new wealth of Industrial Revolution allow larger numbers of families toaster to the kind of status.

Chapter 16 Documents
16.1 talks about The French Revolution and the "Rights of Man" talked about the French document that had similarities towards the U.S Declaration of Independence. They both drew on the ideas of the European Enlightenment. Thomas Jefferson wrote the U.S Declaration and served as the ambassador to France at this dime and was in close contact to Marquis de Lafayette. Lafayette served with the American revolutionary forces seeking independence from England. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen started in 1789. Some stated that "Men are born and remained free and equal in rights. Social distinction may be based only on common utility." Another stated "The purpose of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression." Next stated " the principle of all sovereignty rests essentially in the nation. No body and no individual may exercise authority which does not emanate expressly from the nation." 16.2 talks about the Rights and National Independence. The "rights of man" was just as important. 35 years after the outbreak of the North American revolution, Spain's American colonies revolted. Written in 1815, Bolivar made the case for the Independence of his continent. 16.3 talks about Rights and Slavery. the "rights" was not only with colonial subjects seeking independence but also with slaves demanding freedom. The Declaration states that "all men are created equal" which was brutal realities of slavery. Frederick Douglass who was a born slave escaped and became a leading abolitionist, writer, newspaper publisher, and African American spokesperson. He was invited to address an antislavery meeting gin New York on July 4,1852. 16.4 talks abut The Rights of Women. Throughout the 19th century, debates were going on about women rights. All across Europe, North America and all over the world it was spreading news. The rights of women cam from the leader Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1892 she addressed to a U.S congressional committee. She urged for an amendment to the constitution giving women the right to vote. This occurred in the 1920s and two decades later she died.

Chapter 16
During 1775-1783 The American Revolution was going on. The American Revolution was a struggle for independence from the British. The struggle was for launched with the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Many differences were between the Englishmen in England along with those in the North American colonies. In the colonies the English settlers had to develop societies lead by historians. In 1789-1815 the French Revolution begun. Many French soldiers helped out the American colonies and then returned home. Thomas Jefferson, the U.S ambassador in Paris reported France "has been awakened by our revolution." In terms for gender roles, the French Revolution didn't create a new society but has made a better impact among female equality than the American Revolution had done. This happened because the French women were active in the major events of the revolution. In July 1789, they took part int eh famous storming of the Bastille, a large fortress, prison and armory that had come to symbolize the oppressive old regime. In 1791-1804 the Haitian Revolution started. This was one of the riches colonies in the world. About 40% worlds sugar and had of its coffee is produced. Whites numbered over about 40,000 between plantation owners, merchants, and lawyers. A third social group was about 30,000 colored people and many of the mixed race.

Ending of Chapter 15

Some of the major thinkers and achievements of the scientific revolution are Nicolaus Copernicus. In 1473-1543 he posited that sun is at the center of the solar system, earth rotates on its axis, and the earth and planets revolve around the sun. Andreas Vesalius the "Father of anatomy" made detailed drawings of the human body based on dissection in 1514-1564. Galileo Galilei developed an improved telescope that discovered sunspots, mountains on the moon, and Jupiters moons that performed experimental work on the velocity of falling objects. In 1571-1630 Johannes Kelper posited that planets follow elliptical, not circular, orbits described laws of planetary motion. William Harvey described the circulation of the blood and the function of the heart. Rene Descartes emphasized the importance of mathematics and logical deduction in understanding the physical world invented analytical geometry in 1596-1650. And in 1642-1727 Isaac Newton synthesized earlier findings around the concept of universal gravitation invented calculus formulated concept of inertia and laws of motion.

Chapter 15
The early modern era of world history gave birth to two intersecting culture trends that trends that continues to play out in the twenty first century. The first was the spread of christianity to Asians, Africans, and Native Americans. Christianity was really large in Europe at the beginning of the modern era. Christianity was divided between the Roman Catholics of Western and Central Europe and the Eastern Orthodox of Eastern Europe and Russia. Christianity motivated European political and economic expansion and also benefited form it. The Chinese encounter with Christianity was very different form that of Native Americans in Spain's new world empire. Although Europeans were central players in the globalization of Christianity, they weren't the only ones being transformed of the early modern era. The early modern era likewise witnessed the continuation of the long march of islam across the Afro-Asian world. Neither China nor India experienced culture or religious change as dramatic as that of the Reformation in Europe, nor did Confucian or Hindu cultures during the early modern era spread widely, as did Christianity and Islam. Several significant culture departures took shape in the early modern ear that brought Hindus and Muslims together in new forms of religious expression.

chapter 14 documents

Voices from the Slave Trade
The Atlantic slave trade was an enormous enterprise and enormously significant in modern world history. The journey to slavery talked about Olaudah Equiano who was born in what is now Igbo-speaking region of Nigeria around 1745, and was seized from his home at age eleven and was sold into the Atlantic slave trade at the high point of the infamous commerce. He experience as a slave in the Americas was really different. He leaned how to read and write, travel as a seaman and later was allowed to buy his freedom in 1766. The Business of the slave trade was a horror imagination for kings and merchants. It was business for both Europeans and Africans. The slave trade and the kingdom of kongo occurred to what is now Angola. This state had Portuguese traders in the 1480s that could strengthen their regime. The slave trade and the kingdom of Asante arose in the eighteenth century. This was a powerful state that invested in the slave trade.

chapter 14

Economic Transformation
In the Early 15th century the beginning of the Portuguese voyages was along the coast of West Africa. The first European exported slaves from West Africa in the 1440s. Columbus reached the Americans in 1492 and after that Vasco da Gama reached India. In the 17th century the Russian conquest of Siberia went down and later the British military began in India. Lastly in the 18th century, Peak of the trans- Atlantic slave trade begun.

chapter 13

Political Transformations

Portuguese has established themselves along the coast of present day Brazil. In the early seventeenth century, the British, French, and Dutch launched colonial settlements along the earn coast of North America. Europeans extended their empires to encompass most of the Americas. Geography provided  a starting point for explaining Europe's American empires. Europeans bore advantages, despite their distance from home. Their states and trading companies enabled the effective mobilization o both human and material resources. In the early 1600s, Jamestown, VA: the first permanent English settlement in the Americas and the French colony was est. in Quebec. After in the 1700s, Fragmentation of Mughal Empire was est.