Chapter 17
In Europe the Industrial Revolution has been a source of great controversy among scholars. They say that Europeans have been distinguished for several thousand years by a restless, creative, and freedom loving culture with its roosting the aristocratic war like societies of early indo-european invaders. India had been the world center of cotton textile production, and the first place totter sugarcane juice into crystallized sugar. European societies weren't alone in developing market based economies by the 18th century. Asia was the initial destination of the European voyages of exploration. In the Americas, Europeans found a windfall of silver that allowed them to operate in Asian markets. In Britain the Industrial Revolution unfolded. British political life encouraged commercialization and economic innovation. The British government favored men of business with tariffs that kept out cheap indian textiles. This made it easy to form companies, with roads and canals, this helped unify the internal market and with patent laws it protected the interest of inventors. The country had supplies of coal and iron located close to each other and within east reach major industrial centers. The country's island location protected it from invasions during the ear of the French Revolution. The middle classes were members of the amorphous. This contained wealthy factories and mine owners, bankers, and merchants. Women in the middle class were homemakers, wives, and mothers charged with creating an emotion haven of their men and a refuge from a heartless and cutthroat capitalist world. They are expected to be the managers of the household. Man elite had long establish their status by detaching some from productive labor. The new wealth of Industrial Revolution allow larger numbers of families toaster to the kind of status.

Chapter 16 Documents
16.1 talks about The French Revolution and the "Rights of Man" talked about the French document that had similarities towards the U.S Declaration of Independence. They both drew on the ideas of the European Enlightenment. Thomas Jefferson wrote the U.S Declaration and served as the ambassador to France at this dime and was in close contact to Marquis de Lafayette. Lafayette served with the American revolutionary forces seeking independence from England. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen started in 1789. Some stated that "Men are born and remained free and equal in rights. Social distinction may be based only on common utility." Another stated "The purpose of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression." Next stated " the principle of all sovereignty rests essentially in the nation. No body and no individual may exercise authority which does not emanate expressly from the nation." 16.2 talks about the Rights and National Independence. The "rights of man" was just as important. 35 years after the outbreak of the North American revolution, Spain's American colonies revolted. Written in 1815, Bolivar made the case for the Independence of his continent. 16.3 talks about Rights and Slavery. the "rights" was not only with colonial subjects seeking independence but also with slaves demanding freedom. The Declaration states that "all men are created equal" which was brutal realities of slavery. Frederick Douglass who was a born slave escaped and became a leading abolitionist, writer, newspaper publisher, and African American spokesperson. He was invited to address an antislavery meeting gin New York on July 4,1852. 16.4 talks abut The Rights of Women. Throughout the 19th century, debates were going on about women rights. All across Europe, North America and all over the world it was spreading news. The rights of women cam from the leader Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1892 she addressed to a U.S congressional committee. She urged for an amendment to the constitution giving women the right to vote. This occurred in the 1920s and two decades later she died.

Chapter 16
During 1775-1783 The American Revolution was going on. The American Revolution was a struggle for independence from the British. The struggle was for launched with the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Many differences were between the Englishmen in England along with those in the North American colonies. In the colonies the English settlers had to develop societies lead by historians. In 1789-1815 the French Revolution begun. Many French soldiers helped out the American colonies and then returned home. Thomas Jefferson, the U.S ambassador in Paris reported France "has been awakened by our revolution." In terms for gender roles, the French Revolution didn't create a new society but has made a better impact among female equality than the American Revolution had done. This happened because the French women were active in the major events of the revolution. In July 1789, they took part int eh famous storming of the Bastille, a large fortress, prison and armory that had come to symbolize the oppressive old regime. In 1791-1804 the Haitian Revolution started. This was one of the riches colonies in the world. About 40% worlds sugar and had of its coffee is produced. Whites numbered over about 40,000 between plantation owners, merchants, and lawyers. A third social group was about 30,000 colored people and many of the mixed race.

Ending of Chapter 15

Some of the major thinkers and achievements of the scientific revolution are Nicolaus Copernicus. In 1473-1543 he posited that sun is at the center of the solar system, earth rotates on its axis, and the earth and planets revolve around the sun. Andreas Vesalius the "Father of anatomy" made detailed drawings of the human body based on dissection in 1514-1564. Galileo Galilei developed an improved telescope that discovered sunspots, mountains on the moon, and Jupiters moons that performed experimental work on the velocity of falling objects. In 1571-1630 Johannes Kelper posited that planets follow elliptical, not circular, orbits described laws of planetary motion. William Harvey described the circulation of the blood and the function of the heart. Rene Descartes emphasized the importance of mathematics and logical deduction in understanding the physical world invented analytical geometry in 1596-1650. And in 1642-1727 Isaac Newton synthesized earlier findings around the concept of universal gravitation invented calculus formulated concept of inertia and laws of motion.

Chapter 15
The early modern era of world history gave birth to two intersecting culture trends that trends that continues to play out in the twenty first century. The first was the spread of christianity to Asians, Africans, and Native Americans. Christianity was really large in Europe at the beginning of the modern era. Christianity was divided between the Roman Catholics of Western and Central Europe and the Eastern Orthodox of Eastern Europe and Russia. Christianity motivated European political and economic expansion and also benefited form it. The Chinese encounter with Christianity was very different form that of Native Americans in Spain's new world empire. Although Europeans were central players in the globalization of Christianity, they weren't the only ones being transformed of the early modern era. The early modern era likewise witnessed the continuation of the long march of islam across the Afro-Asian world. Neither China nor India experienced culture or religious change as dramatic as that of the Reformation in Europe, nor did Confucian or Hindu cultures during the early modern era spread widely, as did Christianity and Islam. Several significant culture departures took shape in the early modern ear that brought Hindus and Muslims together in new forms of religious expression.